RESUMO
Antecedentes: en Chile, a pesar de la importante reducción de la mortalidad materna en la década de los 90, los avances distan de los objetivos comprometidos. Objetivos: analizar la tendencia de la razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) en Chile desde 1990 al 2015 y de factores epidemiológicos que afectan el cumplimiento del 5° Objetivo del Mileno (5°OM). Métodos: estudio observacional a nivel nacional. Analizamos la tendencia del cambio porcentual anual promedio (CPAP) y puntos de inflexión de la RMM junto con la evolución de los nacimientos, muertes maternas y sus causas. Además, analizamos los nacimientos por edad y la distribución de la razón de mortalidad materna por edad y por causa de muerte materna. Resultados: en Chile la RMM se redujo un 61% entre 1990 y 2015, con una inflexión desde el 2001 (IC 95% 1997 a 2004) demostrando dos periodos: 1990-2001 (CPAP -6,97%; IC 95% -8,63 a -5,29) y 2001-2015 (CPAP -0,66%; IC 95% -2,40 a 1,10). En el segundo período la tasa de natalidad disminuyó con menor pendiente, los nacimientos de madres de 15-29 años disminuyeron, mientras que en los otros estratos de edad los nacimientos aumentaron. En ambos períodos las primeras causas de muerte fueron hipertensión arterial, enfermedades concurrentes y aborto. En el segundo período la muerte materna por hipertensión arterial y aborto se redujo, mientras que por enfermedades concurrentes aumentó. Conclusiones: en Chile la RMM es estacionaria desde el 2001 y se asocia a cambios en la distribución en la edad materna y causas de muerte. (AU)
Background: in Chile, despite the significant reduction in maternal mortality in the 1990s, the advances are far from the committed objectives. Aim: To analyze trends of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Chile from 1990 to 2015 and epidemiologic factors that threaten the5th Millennium Goal. Methods: an observational study at the country level. We performed a trend analysis of the average annual percent change (AAPC) and models for joint point analyses for MMR, births, maternal deaths and their causes. In addition, we assessed the Odds Ratios for births by maternal age and the distribution of the maternal mortality rate by maternal age and main death causes. Results: in Chile, a reduction of 61% in MMR was observed from 1990 to 2015 with a trend join point in 2001 (CI 95% 1997 to 2004) indicating two periods: 1990-2001 (AAPC -6.97%; 95% CI -8.63 to -5.29) and 2001-2015 (AAPC - 0.66%; 95% CI -2.4 to 1.10). In the second period the birth rate decreased with a lower slope, the births of mothers in the age group 15-29 decreased, while in the other age groups the births increased. In both periods, main maternal death causes were hypertension, concurrent illness, and abortion. In the second period, maternal deaths associated to hypertension and abortion decreased, whereas deaths associated to concurrent illness increased. Conclusions: in Chile, MMR has been stationary since 2001 and is associated with changes in the distribution of maternal age and causes of death.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Chile , Mortalidade Materna , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Mortalidade , Causas de Morte , Saúde MaternaRESUMO
RESUMEN Antecedentes: La muerte materna por aborto inseguro es un severo problema de salud pública, países con leyes de aborto liberales tendrían menor riesgo de aborto inseguro y de mortalidad por aborto. Cuba tiene una legislación que no penaliza el aborto inducido, mientras en Chile es ilegal en todos los casos hasta su reciente despenalización en 3 causales. Objetivo: Se postula que Cuba tendría una menor mortalidad materna por aborto que Chile, por lo que se propone comparar la evolución de la razón de mortalidad materna por aborto entre ambos países, en el período 2000-2015. Material y Método: Los datos crudos de muertes asociadas al aborto y nacidos vivos se obtienen de las bases de datos de estadísticas vitales de ambos países. La oportunidad relativa de muerte se estima según Odds Ratio (OR) con intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC 95%) de las razones de mortalidad materna. Resultados: La razón de muerte materna asociada al aborto fue mayor en Cuba que en Chile (OR: 1,91; IC 95%: 1,331 a 2,739; p=0,0004). Se observa una tendencia al descenso en Cuba y mientras no se observan cambios en Chile. Conclusiones: Contrario a lo postulado basado en las diferentes legislaciones de ambos países, en el período 2000-2015, Cuba presentó mayor razón de mortalidad materna asociada al aborto que Chile. Se comentan posibles condicionantes de la diferencia encontrada.
ABSTRACT Background: Maternal death due to unsafe abortion is a severe public health problem; countries with liberal abortion laws would have a lower risk of unsafe abortion and abortion mortality. Cuba has a legislation that does not penalize induced abortion, while in Chile it is illegal in all cases until its recent decriminalization in 3 grounds. Objective: It is postulated that Cuba would have a lower maternal mortality due to abortion than Chile, for which purpose it is proposed to compare the evolution of the maternal mortality by abortion between both countries, in the period 2000-2015. Material and Method: Raw data on deaths associated with abortion and live births are obtained from the vital statistics databases of both countries. The relative chance of death is estimated according to the Odds Ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the maternal mortality. Results: The maternal death rate associated with abortion was higher in Cuba than in Chile (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.331 to 2.739; p = 0.0004). A downward trend is observed in Cuba and without changes in Chile. Conclusions: Contrary to the postulate based on the different legislations of both countries, in the period 20002015, Cuba had a higher maternal mortality associated with abortion than Chile. Possible conditioning factors of the difference found are discussed.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Mortalidade Materna , Aborto Induzido/mortalidade , Aborto Induzido/estatística & dados numéricos , Chile , Saúde Pública , Aborto Induzido/legislação & jurisprudência , CubaRESUMO
Background: Adolescent pregnancy and advanced maternal age are associated with increased risk for maternal, perinatal and infant death. However, the maternal age with the lowest reproductive risk has not been established. Aim: To determine the range of maternal age with the lowest reproductive risk. Material and Methods: A population-based study (2005-2010) was performed analyzing raw data from vital statistics yearbooks of the National Institute of Statistics of Chile. The association of maternal, fetal, neonatal and infant mortality with maternal age was analyzed. The latter was stratified in quinquenniums, between ages 10 and 54 years. Maternal, fetal, neonatal and infant mortality rates were calculated for each quinquennium. The lowest rate was selected as a control group for risk analysis, which was estimated according to Odds Ratio with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Women of 20-29, 25-34 and under 30 years, had the lowest rate of fetal, neonatal/infant and maternal death, respectively. Women aged 45-49 years had the higher rate of maternal, fetal, neonatal and infant mortality. The risk of fetal, neonatal and infant mortality doubled from 40-44 years onwards, and maternal mortality from the age of 30-34 years. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the maternal age range with the lesser general reproductive risk is between 20-29 years. This finding should be considered in future studies of reproductive risk and for an appropriate counseling about conception.